Christ confronts Lazarus and raises him from death to life
Preaching
Lectionary Preaching Workbook
Series V, Cycle A
BRIEF COMMENTARY ON THE LESSONS
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14 (C); Ezekiel 37:12-14 (RC); Ezekiel 37:1-3 (4-10) 11-14 (E, L)
God instructs Ezekiel to preach to the dry bones scattered over the valley floor and as he preaches to them they come together, as flesh and sinew cover them. The dry bones represent the people of Israel, who have been taken captive and live hopeless lives in a strange land. The message is that God will carry his people home and fill their lifeless carcasses with his Spirit. This word of hope helps lift the people from their depressed state.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11 (C); Romans 8:8-11 (RC)
The mind of the unregenerate person is slave to sin while the mind of the Christian is controlled by God's Spirit. The former leads to death, while the latter leads to life eternal. If Christ is in control of our lives, our sinful natures, what Paul calls the flesh, are dead. The Spirit of the risen Christ raises us to eternal life.
Lesson 2: Romans 6:16-23 (E)
We are slaves to whomever we yield up our obedience, either to sin, which leads to death, or righteousness, which leads to life.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19 (L)
If we live according to our sinful natures, we are bound by the shackles of fear, but if we are slaves of God, we enjoy the freedom of appealing to God as Father. We are then secure in God's love and we can approach him with confidence concerning the present and the future.
Gospel: John 11:1-45 (C, RC); John 11:(1-16) 17-44 (E); John 11:1-53 (L)
According to John, the raising of Lazarus sets the stage for the culmination of our Lord's ministry. By word and deed, Jesus proclaims that he is the resurrection and the life. This sign causes such a stir that Jesus' enemies are galvanized into concerted action against him. He must be silenced forever. The high Christology of John is tinged by feeling touches of the human spirit. Mary expresses consternation that Jesus had not come sooner and Jesus weeps with his friends as they confront the death of Lazarus.
Psalm Of The Day
Psalm 130 (C, E) — ''Out of the depths I cry to you ...'' (v. 1).
Psalm 116:1-9 (L) — ''For you have delivered my soul from death; my eyes from tears, my feet from stumbling'' (v. 8).
Prayer of The Day
Living God, as you released your friend Lazarus from the confines of death, by your living presence amongst us, free us from fear of death and free us for willing service in your kingdom. Empower us by your Spirit to raise up your resurrected arms over a dying world. In the powerful name of Jesus. Amen.
THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ON THE LESSONS
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14
The power of the World. Ezekiel is commanded to prophesy to the dry bones, symbolic of the discouraged state of the people of Israel, and the bones came together, taking on tendon and muscle. Then he prophesied again and the Spirit of God came into the lifeless corpses and they were truly alive. This is a graphic illustration of the power of the Word. This is the same principle witnessed in the Genesis creation accounts: God created life through his spoken World. When the Word of God is spoken, the Spirit of God gives fresh hope to the downtrodden and life to the dead.
The Spirit raises up the living-dead. There are levels of death, just as there are levels of life. At the point in the vision, when the prophet prophesies to the bones and they come together with flesh and sinew, there is the appearance of life without its reality. We might say that these are the living dead, without soul or spirit. There are millions like them today. Because of hardship, war and other kinds of abuse, they are little more than breathing corpses. Some have chosen to serve at the altar of the gods of wealth and power and have lost their souls. They too are among the host of the living-dead. Only through the resurrection power of Jesus Christ are we fully and eternally alive.
''Our hope is gone'' lamented the captive people of God (v. 11). No one can live without hope. In tests done on rats, those rodents placed in a situation that was obviously hopeless, died quickly; they gave up. However, when the rats were put into an environment where they were trapped but there seemed to be a possibility of escape, they endured far longer. Our faith, informed by the Word of God, buoys us up when we are caught in life's swirling eddies. As children of the Eternal One, no situation is hopeless. We are never beyond the pale of God's redemptive grace.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11
Brain-dead sinners and brainwashed believers. Paul describes the natural (unredeemed) mind as being brain-dead (v. 6) because it is hostile to God and unwilling to submit to the will of God (v. 7). Technically, of course, Paul is referring to the mind, the seat of volition, rather than the organ in our cranium. Nevertheless, in the thinking of most people there is a strong relationship between mind and brain. Those who are opposed to the things of God may be brilliant but they are truly brain-dead because they have short-circuited their God-connection.
Then, there are brainwashed believers. Actually, there are two types of brainwashed believers. There is the bad kind. You know, the person who rigidly holds that he is 100% right and that anyone who disagrees with him is a fool and a sinner. Such a mind-set stems from a person who is frightfully insecure. He is afraid that if he permits anyone to challenge his house of dominos, it will all come crashing down. However, there is a good kind of brainwashed believer. This is the person whose mind has been washed by the Spirit of God. Such a believer has freely given over her mind to the flow of the Spirit, trusting that God will lead her to new depths of truth. Her body may be nearly dead but her brain (mind) is alive (vv. 8-11).
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19
Just deserts. The litany we hear constantly in this present age goes something like this: I demand my rights! Give me what I have coming! They want what they feel they have earned. Paul reminds us of the danger of demanding our rights, insisting on our wages. ''The wages of sin is death but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord'' (v. 23).
Gospel: John 11:1-53
''The one whom you love is sick'' (v. 3). This brief statement makes clear that there is no logical connection between illness and God's favor. When illness and other misfortune strike, our first impulse is to think that God has abandoned us or, worse, is punishing us. No, he still loves us. Even when he doesn't seem to spring to our aid, as in the case of Lazarus, even when he appears absent from our lives, our plight is not forgotten.
Sickness unto death. When Jesus was informed of Lazarus' illness, he responded that this sickness would not end in death (v. 4). Lazarus died but death was not his final end because Jesus was his friend and Jesus has shown himself to be the resurrection and the life.
The twice dead experience. You've heard of the twice born experience, our natural birth and our spiritual birth, but Christians are also among the twice dead. We die to our old sinful nature, beginning in baptism, and we die physically. Our spiritual birth would not be possible without our death to selfishness and sin. Our birth into the kingdom of heaven would not be possible without our physical death. Of course, looking at it from another perspective, life involves many births and many deaths. As Martin Luther states, we must, through repentance, die daily to sin so that we might rise to newness of life.
Don't forget about God's glory. We must be very careful about pointing to specific causes for particular misfortunes and it is often not helpful to attribute such things to the will of God. Who are we to say? Nevertheless, we err when we view tragedy strictly from our subjective perspective. Too often, we focus only on the impact that events have on our own lives. Jesus claimed that the reason for Lazarus' illness was to glorify God (v. 4). We should also look at tragedy from God's perspective and ask: How is God being magnified? How is God making himself known to me and others through this event?
Anger and death. About the first thing that Mary and Martha said to Jesus when he arrived at their home was: ''Lord, if you had been here my brother would not have died'' (v. 21). At first glance, it is a statement of faith. Yet, when we probe deeper, we can sense the underlying hurt and anger. What they may have wanted to say was: ''Where were you, Lord! Where were you when we really needed you?'' Anger is often a part of the grief process. It isn't wrong; it's just there and we have to deal with it; otherwise, it will fester within our souls. This is the same question that went through Christ's mind from the cross. ''My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?''
The compassion of Christ. When Jesus witnessed the sorrow surrounding the death of Lazarus and the pain evinced in Mary and Martha, the text says more than once that he was deeply moved, profoundly disturbed. It also states that Jesus wept. The Greek stoics believed that to show compassion or feeling was a sign of weakness. Therefore, since God is all-powerful, he cannot be moved by human pain or sorrow. Such compassion would prove that humans had power over God. Consequently, God is the unmoved mover, apathetic to human woe. This is not the God we see in Christ, who weeps with his people over their loss and yet still has the power to raise them to newness of life.
PREACHING APPROACHES WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14
Sermon Title: God Raises The Living Dead
Sermon Angle: Not only does God raise the dead (those who have physically died), he also raises the living-dead (those who have broken contact with God or are without hope). This sermon is directed to those who go through the motions of living but whose spirit is dead.
Outline:
1. Ezekiel addressed a people without hope (the living-dead)
2. Many people today are in the same predicament
3. The Word of God raised them to life and gave them hope
4. The Word of the Risen Christ raises us and gives us hope
Sermon Title: Body Building
Sermon Angle: God took the parched skeleton of the nation of Israel and gave it tendon and muscle. When I was a child, I was attracted by the Charles Atlas Body Building Course, found in comic books. I even sent for information because I wanted to build up my body. God is in the body building business. God builds up the body of his people, not through their exercises, but through his prophetic word.
At the age of 56, George Fredrich Handel was a pathetic shadow of what he had been. He had incompletely recovered from a paralyzing stroke and was almost broke. For years, his Italian operas were well received but the aesthetic tastes of the public switched to French stage plays rather than Italian operas. For Handel, life had become a soulless shadowland much like the experience of the captive Israelites that Ezekiel addressed. One night, as he was limping home through the dreary London fog, Handel was contemplating his fate. When he got home, he found a piece of mail from a man named Jennings. It was a manuscript that he hoped Handel might develop into an oratorio. As Handel thumbed through the piece, the words suddenly came alive. ''Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people ... and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed.'' Instantly, his depression and gloom fell away as the composer feverishly penned the music that flooded his entire being. He hardly paused to eat or sleep as the melodies and harmonies flowed from his pen. Seventeen days and nights later he was finished. The Messiah lifted Handel out of his valley of dry bones and became an instant favorite, that has continued to ring out the Christian message of resurrection life down through the corridors of time. (Based on an article from Pulpit Resource; March 28, 1993.)
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11
Sermon Title: Good News For The Brain Dead
Sermon Angle: There is no worse tragedy than to mate a healthy body with a dead brain. Remember the case of Karen Anne Quinlan, who existed for years in a vegetative state. She was apparently kept alive by medical technology and her parents had to go to court to obtain an order to free her from the life-support machines. The person who is separated from God, hostile to the claims of her Maker, is indeed brain-dead. Paul says that the mind of sinful man is death (v. 6). Good news for the brain-dead; Christ will give us a new mind through faith.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19
Sermon Title: The Unfair Goodness Of God
Sermon Angle: If God gave us what we deserved, we would be in big trouble. Paul reminds us: ''The wages of sin is death ...'' (v. 23a). We think that we want what we have coming to us but, obviously, we don't know what we're talking about. The gospel tells us that if we forfeit what we've earned, God will give us what we don't deserve. ''... but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord'' (v. 23b). Let us celebrate the unfair goodness of God.
Gospel: John 11:1-53
Sermon Title: Christ Confronts Lazarus
Sermon Angle: In confronting Lazarus, Christ faced off with the ultimate foe — death itself. In raising Lazarus from the dead, Christ also confronted the hostile powers. He pitted himself against those who were dead and didn't know it yet — the scribes and the Pharisees. This
helped precipitate his crucifixion. He also encountered the anger and disappointment of Mary, Martha and the other mourners. Finally, he came face to face with his own vulnerability.
Outline:
1. Christ confronts anger, pain and sorrow (the mourners)
2. Christ confronts hostility (the scribes and Pharisees)
3. Christ confronts faith (Martha and Mary)
4. Christ confronts death and wins the victory
Sermon Title: A God Who Grieves
Sermon Angle: Even though this passage highlights the resurrection power of Jesus Christ, the humanity of the Lord is also featured prominently. Jesus was deeply moved and troubled by the death of Lazarus and the pain that it caused. Jesus was moved to tears. Since Jesus is the incarnation of God, we see a very compassionate image of the Almighty. Some may find this disturbing because it seems that God is out of control. Most people will find this image of God comforting and reassuring.
Outline:
1. Jesus was deeply moved by the death of Lazarus. This shows
— that God is touched by human misery
— that God enters into the human drama
2. God is still moved by the pain and sorrow of humanity
— what is it that brings tears to Jesus' eyes today?
— give examples
3. Christ was not only moved in emotion but moved to action
— he raised Lazarus from the dead
— he proclaimed hope of resurrection and eternal life
4. Let the Spirit move you to enter the pathos of a broken humanity
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14 (C); Ezekiel 37:12-14 (RC); Ezekiel 37:1-3 (4-10) 11-14 (E, L)
God instructs Ezekiel to preach to the dry bones scattered over the valley floor and as he preaches to them they come together, as flesh and sinew cover them. The dry bones represent the people of Israel, who have been taken captive and live hopeless lives in a strange land. The message is that God will carry his people home and fill their lifeless carcasses with his Spirit. This word of hope helps lift the people from their depressed state.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11 (C); Romans 8:8-11 (RC)
The mind of the unregenerate person is slave to sin while the mind of the Christian is controlled by God's Spirit. The former leads to death, while the latter leads to life eternal. If Christ is in control of our lives, our sinful natures, what Paul calls the flesh, are dead. The Spirit of the risen Christ raises us to eternal life.
Lesson 2: Romans 6:16-23 (E)
We are slaves to whomever we yield up our obedience, either to sin, which leads to death, or righteousness, which leads to life.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19 (L)
If we live according to our sinful natures, we are bound by the shackles of fear, but if we are slaves of God, we enjoy the freedom of appealing to God as Father. We are then secure in God's love and we can approach him with confidence concerning the present and the future.
Gospel: John 11:1-45 (C, RC); John 11:(1-16) 17-44 (E); John 11:1-53 (L)
According to John, the raising of Lazarus sets the stage for the culmination of our Lord's ministry. By word and deed, Jesus proclaims that he is the resurrection and the life. This sign causes such a stir that Jesus' enemies are galvanized into concerted action against him. He must be silenced forever. The high Christology of John is tinged by feeling touches of the human spirit. Mary expresses consternation that Jesus had not come sooner and Jesus weeps with his friends as they confront the death of Lazarus.
Psalm Of The Day
Psalm 130 (C, E) — ''Out of the depths I cry to you ...'' (v. 1).
Psalm 116:1-9 (L) — ''For you have delivered my soul from death; my eyes from tears, my feet from stumbling'' (v. 8).
Prayer of The Day
Living God, as you released your friend Lazarus from the confines of death, by your living presence amongst us, free us from fear of death and free us for willing service in your kingdom. Empower us by your Spirit to raise up your resurrected arms over a dying world. In the powerful name of Jesus. Amen.
THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION ON THE LESSONS
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14
The power of the World. Ezekiel is commanded to prophesy to the dry bones, symbolic of the discouraged state of the people of Israel, and the bones came together, taking on tendon and muscle. Then he prophesied again and the Spirit of God came into the lifeless corpses and they were truly alive. This is a graphic illustration of the power of the Word. This is the same principle witnessed in the Genesis creation accounts: God created life through his spoken World. When the Word of God is spoken, the Spirit of God gives fresh hope to the downtrodden and life to the dead.
The Spirit raises up the living-dead. There are levels of death, just as there are levels of life. At the point in the vision, when the prophet prophesies to the bones and they come together with flesh and sinew, there is the appearance of life without its reality. We might say that these are the living dead, without soul or spirit. There are millions like them today. Because of hardship, war and other kinds of abuse, they are little more than breathing corpses. Some have chosen to serve at the altar of the gods of wealth and power and have lost their souls. They too are among the host of the living-dead. Only through the resurrection power of Jesus Christ are we fully and eternally alive.
''Our hope is gone'' lamented the captive people of God (v. 11). No one can live without hope. In tests done on rats, those rodents placed in a situation that was obviously hopeless, died quickly; they gave up. However, when the rats were put into an environment where they were trapped but there seemed to be a possibility of escape, they endured far longer. Our faith, informed by the Word of God, buoys us up when we are caught in life's swirling eddies. As children of the Eternal One, no situation is hopeless. We are never beyond the pale of God's redemptive grace.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11
Brain-dead sinners and brainwashed believers. Paul describes the natural (unredeemed) mind as being brain-dead (v. 6) because it is hostile to God and unwilling to submit to the will of God (v. 7). Technically, of course, Paul is referring to the mind, the seat of volition, rather than the organ in our cranium. Nevertheless, in the thinking of most people there is a strong relationship between mind and brain. Those who are opposed to the things of God may be brilliant but they are truly brain-dead because they have short-circuited their God-connection.
Then, there are brainwashed believers. Actually, there are two types of brainwashed believers. There is the bad kind. You know, the person who rigidly holds that he is 100% right and that anyone who disagrees with him is a fool and a sinner. Such a mind-set stems from a person who is frightfully insecure. He is afraid that if he permits anyone to challenge his house of dominos, it will all come crashing down. However, there is a good kind of brainwashed believer. This is the person whose mind has been washed by the Spirit of God. Such a believer has freely given over her mind to the flow of the Spirit, trusting that God will lead her to new depths of truth. Her body may be nearly dead but her brain (mind) is alive (vv. 8-11).
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19
Just deserts. The litany we hear constantly in this present age goes something like this: I demand my rights! Give me what I have coming! They want what they feel they have earned. Paul reminds us of the danger of demanding our rights, insisting on our wages. ''The wages of sin is death but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord'' (v. 23).
Gospel: John 11:1-53
''The one whom you love is sick'' (v. 3). This brief statement makes clear that there is no logical connection between illness and God's favor. When illness and other misfortune strike, our first impulse is to think that God has abandoned us or, worse, is punishing us. No, he still loves us. Even when he doesn't seem to spring to our aid, as in the case of Lazarus, even when he appears absent from our lives, our plight is not forgotten.
Sickness unto death. When Jesus was informed of Lazarus' illness, he responded that this sickness would not end in death (v. 4). Lazarus died but death was not his final end because Jesus was his friend and Jesus has shown himself to be the resurrection and the life.
The twice dead experience. You've heard of the twice born experience, our natural birth and our spiritual birth, but Christians are also among the twice dead. We die to our old sinful nature, beginning in baptism, and we die physically. Our spiritual birth would not be possible without our death to selfishness and sin. Our birth into the kingdom of heaven would not be possible without our physical death. Of course, looking at it from another perspective, life involves many births and many deaths. As Martin Luther states, we must, through repentance, die daily to sin so that we might rise to newness of life.
Don't forget about God's glory. We must be very careful about pointing to specific causes for particular misfortunes and it is often not helpful to attribute such things to the will of God. Who are we to say? Nevertheless, we err when we view tragedy strictly from our subjective perspective. Too often, we focus only on the impact that events have on our own lives. Jesus claimed that the reason for Lazarus' illness was to glorify God (v. 4). We should also look at tragedy from God's perspective and ask: How is God being magnified? How is God making himself known to me and others through this event?
Anger and death. About the first thing that Mary and Martha said to Jesus when he arrived at their home was: ''Lord, if you had been here my brother would not have died'' (v. 21). At first glance, it is a statement of faith. Yet, when we probe deeper, we can sense the underlying hurt and anger. What they may have wanted to say was: ''Where were you, Lord! Where were you when we really needed you?'' Anger is often a part of the grief process. It isn't wrong; it's just there and we have to deal with it; otherwise, it will fester within our souls. This is the same question that went through Christ's mind from the cross. ''My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?''
The compassion of Christ. When Jesus witnessed the sorrow surrounding the death of Lazarus and the pain evinced in Mary and Martha, the text says more than once that he was deeply moved, profoundly disturbed. It also states that Jesus wept. The Greek stoics believed that to show compassion or feeling was a sign of weakness. Therefore, since God is all-powerful, he cannot be moved by human pain or sorrow. Such compassion would prove that humans had power over God. Consequently, God is the unmoved mover, apathetic to human woe. This is not the God we see in Christ, who weeps with his people over their loss and yet still has the power to raise them to newness of life.
PREACHING APPROACHES WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
Lesson 1: Ezekiel 37:1-14
Sermon Title: God Raises The Living Dead
Sermon Angle: Not only does God raise the dead (those who have physically died), he also raises the living-dead (those who have broken contact with God or are without hope). This sermon is directed to those who go through the motions of living but whose spirit is dead.
Outline:
1. Ezekiel addressed a people without hope (the living-dead)
2. Many people today are in the same predicament
3. The Word of God raised them to life and gave them hope
4. The Word of the Risen Christ raises us and gives us hope
Sermon Title: Body Building
Sermon Angle: God took the parched skeleton of the nation of Israel and gave it tendon and muscle. When I was a child, I was attracted by the Charles Atlas Body Building Course, found in comic books. I even sent for information because I wanted to build up my body. God is in the body building business. God builds up the body of his people, not through their exercises, but through his prophetic word.
At the age of 56, George Fredrich Handel was a pathetic shadow of what he had been. He had incompletely recovered from a paralyzing stroke and was almost broke. For years, his Italian operas were well received but the aesthetic tastes of the public switched to French stage plays rather than Italian operas. For Handel, life had become a soulless shadowland much like the experience of the captive Israelites that Ezekiel addressed. One night, as he was limping home through the dreary London fog, Handel was contemplating his fate. When he got home, he found a piece of mail from a man named Jennings. It was a manuscript that he hoped Handel might develop into an oratorio. As Handel thumbed through the piece, the words suddenly came alive. ''Comfort ye, comfort ye, my people ... and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed.'' Instantly, his depression and gloom fell away as the composer feverishly penned the music that flooded his entire being. He hardly paused to eat or sleep as the melodies and harmonies flowed from his pen. Seventeen days and nights later he was finished. The Messiah lifted Handel out of his valley of dry bones and became an instant favorite, that has continued to ring out the Christian message of resurrection life down through the corridors of time. (Based on an article from Pulpit Resource; March 28, 1993.)
Lesson 2: Romans 8:6-11
Sermon Title: Good News For The Brain Dead
Sermon Angle: There is no worse tragedy than to mate a healthy body with a dead brain. Remember the case of Karen Anne Quinlan, who existed for years in a vegetative state. She was apparently kept alive by medical technology and her parents had to go to court to obtain an order to free her from the life-support machines. The person who is separated from God, hostile to the claims of her Maker, is indeed brain-dead. Paul says that the mind of sinful man is death (v. 6). Good news for the brain-dead; Christ will give us a new mind through faith.
Lesson 2: Romans 8:11-19
Sermon Title: The Unfair Goodness Of God
Sermon Angle: If God gave us what we deserved, we would be in big trouble. Paul reminds us: ''The wages of sin is death ...'' (v. 23a). We think that we want what we have coming to us but, obviously, we don't know what we're talking about. The gospel tells us that if we forfeit what we've earned, God will give us what we don't deserve. ''... but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord'' (v. 23b). Let us celebrate the unfair goodness of God.
Gospel: John 11:1-53
Sermon Title: Christ Confronts Lazarus
Sermon Angle: In confronting Lazarus, Christ faced off with the ultimate foe — death itself. In raising Lazarus from the dead, Christ also confronted the hostile powers. He pitted himself against those who were dead and didn't know it yet — the scribes and the Pharisees. This
helped precipitate his crucifixion. He also encountered the anger and disappointment of Mary, Martha and the other mourners. Finally, he came face to face with his own vulnerability.
Outline:
1. Christ confronts anger, pain and sorrow (the mourners)
2. Christ confronts hostility (the scribes and Pharisees)
3. Christ confronts faith (Martha and Mary)
4. Christ confronts death and wins the victory
Sermon Title: A God Who Grieves
Sermon Angle: Even though this passage highlights the resurrection power of Jesus Christ, the humanity of the Lord is also featured prominently. Jesus was deeply moved and troubled by the death of Lazarus and the pain that it caused. Jesus was moved to tears. Since Jesus is the incarnation of God, we see a very compassionate image of the Almighty. Some may find this disturbing because it seems that God is out of control. Most people will find this image of God comforting and reassuring.
Outline:
1. Jesus was deeply moved by the death of Lazarus. This shows
— that God is touched by human misery
— that God enters into the human drama
2. God is still moved by the pain and sorrow of humanity
— what is it that brings tears to Jesus' eyes today?
— give examples
3. Christ was not only moved in emotion but moved to action
— he raised Lazarus from the dead
— he proclaimed hope of resurrection and eternal life
4. Let the Spirit move you to enter the pathos of a broken humanity
